Learning is best defined as:

Which of the following is a form of associative learning?

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the US.

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the:

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the UR.

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a(n):

You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. Rattling the box is a(n) ________; your dog's salivation is a(n) ________.

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the CR.

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the CS.

Two groups of rats receive classical conditioning trials in which a tone and electric shock are presented. For Group 1 the electric shock always follows the tone. For Group 2 the tone and shock occur randomly. Which of the following is likely to result?

For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented:

During extinction, the ________ is omitted; as a result, the ________ seems to disappear.

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred:

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ________ will soon take place.

Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning blue- or green-colored cars. Bill's aversion to green cars is an example of:

In order to obtain a reward a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is:

In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate:

Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:

Cognitive processes are:

Last evening May-ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an American fast-food restaurant. A few hours later she became ill. It can be expected that:

In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role?

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat was the ________.

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that:

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of:

The type of learning associated with Skinner is:

Operant conditioning is to ________ as classical conditioning is to ________.

Shaping is a(n) ________ technique for ________ a behavior.

Which of the following is an example of shaping?

A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being:

Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:

Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced by:

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch TV after he cleans his room. Evidently, Reggie's mother is attempting to use ________ to increase room cleaning.

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?

Which of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct?

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:

The “piecework,” or commission, method of payment is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks, whereas Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a ________ schedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the regular delivery time approaches you glance more and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?

From a casino owner's viewpoint, which of the following jackpot payout schedules would be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine?

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.

Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?

Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because:

In distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment, we note that:

After discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, Sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. This is an example of:

A cognitive map is a(n):

After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates:

Nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. Jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. Nancy's behavior was motivated by ________, Jack's by ________.

A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings in order to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. According to the text, this is most likely so because:

On-line testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of:

The manager of a manufacturing plant wishes to use positive reinforcement to increase the productivity of workers. Which of the following procedures would probably be the most effective?

After watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own “summer games.” Which of the following best accounts for their behavior?

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ________.

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ________.

In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as:

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:

Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that: