The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to:

Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of:

Professor Smith told one class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of:

The hindsight bias leads people to perceive research findings as:

Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of:

According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates:

Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to:

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as:

The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by:

When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates:

Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates:

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates:

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates:

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying:

Critical thinkers can best be described as:

According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of:

Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n):

Hypotheses are best described as:

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n):

The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by:

Replication involves:

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of:

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of:

The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to:

Christine, who is opposed to capital punishment, was extremely surprised to learn that the results of a survey indicated that the majority of the population approved of capital punishment. Christine's surprise best illustrates the power of:

The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n):

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n):

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?

In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n):

In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of:

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as:

In order to describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of:

In order to study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?

In order to compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. This best illustrates the use of a research method known as:

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the:

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are:

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are:

Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education?

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of:

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of:

The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates:

The sequential occurrence of two highly unusual events is most likely to contribute to:

Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates:

The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was forty-six years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of:

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of:

A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called a(n):

In order to exercise maximum control over the factors they are interested in studying, researchers engage in:

The most foolproof way of testing the true effectiveness of a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of:

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a:

The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates:

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of:

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of:

To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use:

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of:

In a drug treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a:

Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of:

The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by:

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.

In order to provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n):

In order to study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use:

Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.

Which technique most clearly minimizes the likelihood that any outcome differences between the experimental and control conditions can be attributed to age or personality differences in research participants?

Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the nature of:

When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to:

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is:

Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is:

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was:

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings:

Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings:

Six different high school students spent $10, $13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on entertainment. The mode of this group's entertainment expenditures is:

The arithmetic average of a distribution of scores is the:

The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is the:

During the past month, Henri and Sylvia each ate 10 candy bars, while Jerry ate 8, Tricia ate 6, and Tahli ate only 1. The mean number of candy bars eaten by these individuals was:

Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children aged 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is:

In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores?

In order to understand the British newspaper headline “Income for 62% Is Below Average,” it is necessary to appreciate the distinction between the ________ and the mean.

Seven members of a girls' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of raffle tickets: $5, $9, $4, $11, $6, $4, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the:

Seven members of a 4H club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cakes: $7, $13, $3, $5, $2, $9, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the:

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?

Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________.

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the:

During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is:

Which measure of variation is affected most by a few extreme scores?

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?

The range is:

The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is:

Two students in an art class are at least 20 years older than the others. Which measure of variation of class members' ages is most affected by the ages of these two students?

Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the:

On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of:

Faustin, a member of his college's golf team, has an opportunity to play against a nationally acclaimed professional golfer. How many holes of golf should Faustin choose to play with the professional in order to maximize his own slim chances of winning?

An awareness of extensive cultural differences in attitudes and values is most helpful for avoiding:

Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences.

Psychological differences between the genders are:

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to: